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The cross-race effect is thought to contribute to difficulties in cross-race identification, as well as implicit racial bias. [2] A number of theories as to why the cross-race effect exists have been conceived, including social cognition and perceptual expertise. However, no model has been able to fully account for the full body of evidence. [3]
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Reconstructing the face of another race requires the use of schemas that may not be as developed and refined as those of the same race. [26] The cross-race effect is the tendency that people have to distinguish among other of their race than of other races. Although the exact cause of the effect is unknown, two main theories are supported.
The perceptual expertise hypothesis states that the cross-race effect is due to lack of exposure to other cultures and is not hard-wired. Strong evidence for this hypothesis is a decreasing cross-race effect in immigrants that have assimilated to a culture for a few years. [2]
Rates of misclassification are higher for people who differ from the observer's race (i.e., cross-race individuals), presumably due to less familiarity with faces of other races than with faces of one's same race/ethnicity.
Racial profiling can make targeted individuals assume they have an inferior political status, which can lead to an alienation from the state. This can make racial profiling turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy when an individual is more likely to commit a crime because they are perceived as a criminal.
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Racecraft, the book's governing concept and title, analogizes race with the beliefs of witchcraft, where racecraft describes a set of social practices that misconstrue racism for race. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The book warns against "turn[ing] racism into race", [ 5 ] such as in the statement "black Southerners were segregated because of their skin ...