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The code rate of a convolutional code is commonly modified via symbol puncturing. For example, a convolutional code with a 'mother' code rate / = / may be punctured to a higher rate of, for example, / simply by not transmitting a portion of code symbols. The performance of a punctured convolutional code generally scales well with the amount of ...
A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bitstream that has been encoded using a convolutional code or trellis code. There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for example, the Fano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm is the most resource-consuming, but it does the maximum likelihood decoding. It ...
Convolutional code trellis diagram. A trellis is a graph whose nodes are ordered into vertical slices (time) with every node at almost every time connected to at least one node at an earlier and at least one node at a later time. The earliest and latest times in the trellis have only one node (hence the "almost" in the preceding sentence).
Language pedagogy is the discipline concerned with the theories and techniques of teaching language. It has been described as a type of teaching wherein the teacher draws from their own prior knowledge and actual experience in teaching language. [1] The approach is distinguished from research-based methodologies. [1]
Based on the trellis: Compute forward probabilities ; Compute backward probabilities ; Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)
Examples of functional methods include the oral approach / situational language teaching. Examples of interactive methods include the direct method , the series method, communicative language teaching , language immersion , the Silent Way , suggestopedia , the natural approach , tandem language learning , total physical response , Teaching ...
Natural language training procedures use a least to most prompt strategy. [1] This strategy starts with designing/engineering the environment to increase the chances for language to occur, followed by incidental teaching, time delay, mand training, and modeling the response. Each intervention is used in a successive fashion if the previous ...
The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Natural Approach has been used in ESL classes as well as foreign language classes for people of all ages and in various educational settings, from primary schools to universities. [ 1 ]