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Gynecological surgery refers to surgery on the female reproductive system usually performed by gynecologists. It includes procedures for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. [1] Gynecological surgery may occasionally be performed for optional or cosmetic purposes, such as hymenoplasty or labiaplasty.
Ovarian cancer is highly treatable with surgery for almost all cases with well-differentiated stage-1 tumour. [4] [33] Higher tumour grades may benefit from adjuvant treatment such as platinum-based chemotherapy. [4] [33] Optimal debulking is used to treat cases where cancer has spread to become macroscopically advanced.
One end of the tube has a roughly spherical metal weight surrounding the channel of the speculum. A weighted speculum is placed in the vagina during vaginal surgery with the patient in the lithotomy position. The weight holds the speculum in place and frees the surgeon's hands for other tasks. Auvard's speculum
The large surgical incision may become infected. [1] Fever and sepsis may occur. [1] The kidneys may be damaged, usually due to reduced blood flow and ischaemia. [1] Embolisms may occur. [1] After pelvic exenteration, many patients will have perineal hernia, often without symptoms, but only 3–10% will have perineal hernia requiring surgical ...
A urethral bulking injection is one type of treatment for incontinence in women. Urethral bulking injections are considered by a clinician when the woman has urinary sphincter dysfunction, urethral hypermobility, persistent stress urinary incontinence after a urethral sling or urethropexy, or stress urinary incontinence in women who cannot undergo surgery due to other illnesses or conditions.
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Debulking is the reduction of as much of the bulk of a tumour without the intention of a complete eradication. It is usually achieved by surgical removal. [1] [2] When performed for curative intent, it is a different procedure, which is called surgical debulking of tumors is known as cytoreduction or cytoreductive surgery [3] (CRS); "cytoreduction" refers to reducing the number of tumor cells.
The cost is higher than an "AFP-quad" screen due to the ultrasound and second blood test, but it is quoted to have a 93% pick up rate as opposed to 88% for the standard AFP/QS. This is an evolving standard of care in the United States. [14] [15] [16] Down syndrome karyotype