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  2. List of caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

    A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.

  3. History of the Caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Caliphs

    The History of the Khalifahs who took the Right Way is a partial translation of History of the Caliphs.Its translator, Abdassamad Clarke, chose to translate the biographies of the first four "Rightly Guided Caliphs" adding to them Imam Hasan ibn Ali, because of his action in healing the divisions in the early community and, according to Sunni Muslims' opinion, legitimately handing power over ...

  4. Tarikh al-khulafa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarikh_al-khulafa

    Tarikh al-khulafa (Arabic: تأريخ الخلفاء, History of the Caliphs) is the title of several works on the history of Islam: al-Imama wa al-siyasa, also known as Tarikh al-khulafa, a work attributed to Ibn Qutayba (died 889) History of the Caliphs, a work written by al-Suyuti (died 1505)

  5. Mihna - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihna

    The Mihna (Arabic: محنة خلق القرآن, romanized: miḥna khalaq al-qurʾān, lit. 'ordeal of Quranic createdness') (also known as the first Muslim inquisition) was a period of religious persecution instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 AD in which religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed [citation needed] unless they conformed to Muʿtazila doctrine.

  6. Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawżat_aṣ-ṣafāʾ

    Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafāʾ (روضة الصفا في سیرة الانبياء والملوك والخلفاء, ‘The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs’) or Rawdatu 's-safa is a Persian-language history of the origins of Islam, early Islamic civilisation ...

  7. Khalifah ibn Khayyat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifah_ibn_Khayyat

    Abū ʿAmr Khalīfa ibn Khayyāṭ al-Laythī al-ʿUṣfurī (Arabic: خليفة بن خياط) (born : 160/161 AH/777 AD– died 239/240 AH/854 AD) was an Arab historian.

  8. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz

    When the reigning Caliph Yazid I (r. 680–683) and his son and successor, Mu'awiya II (r. 683–684), died in quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and the Umayyads of the Hejaz, including Medina, were expelled by supporters of the rival caliph, the Mecca-based Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (r.

  9. Al-Muqtadi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadi

    The Caliph opposed both a child and a woman as ruler, and could not be persuaded to allow the khutba, the sign of the sovereign, to be proclaimed in the name of a woman. Eventually, however, the Caliph agreed to let her govern if the khutba was said in the name of her son, and if she did so assisted by a vizier he appointed for her, a condition ...

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