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In mathematics and fair division, apportionment problems involve dividing (apportioning) a whole number of identical goods fairly across several parties with real-valued entitlements. The original, and best-known, example of an apportionment problem involves distributing seats in a legislature between different federal states or political ...
lim – limit of a sequence, or of a function. lim inf – limit inferior. lim sup – limit superior. LLN – law of large numbers. ln – natural logarithm, log e. lnp1 – natural logarithm plus 1 function. ln1p – natural logarithm plus 1 function. log – logarithm. (If without a subscript, this may mean either log 10 or log e.)
This limit can operate in various ways; for example, in party-list proportional representation systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature.
The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up a category of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple groups (e.g. parties or federal states).
This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a, b and c are constants with respect to x.
Latin political words and phrases (1 C, 50 P) Libertarian terms (24 P) M. Political metaphors (1 C, 45 P) N. Natalist terminology (4 P) Political neologisms (6 C, 118 ...
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Computer model of the Banzhaf power index from the Wolfram Demonstrations Project. The Banzhaf power index, named after John Banzhaf (originally invented by Lionel Penrose in 1946 and sometimes called Penrose–Banzhaf index; also known as the Banzhaf–Coleman index after James Samuel Coleman), is a power index defined by the probability of changing an outcome of a vote where voting rights ...