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Tantric concepts influenced Hindu, Bon, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. Elements of Tantric rituals were adopted by, and influenced, state functions in medieval Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in East and Southeast Asia. [218] By the turn of the first millennium, hatha yoga emerged from tantra. [219] [f]
The practice of Yoga is intimately connected to the religious beliefs and practices of both Hinduism and Buddhism. [66] There is a range of common terminology and common descriptions of the meditative states that are seen as the foundation of meditation practice in both Hindu Yoga and Buddhism.
Yoga as exercise's relationship to Hinduism is complex and contested; some Christians have rejected it on the grounds that it is covertly Hindu, while the "Take Back Yoga" campaign insisted that it was necessarily connected to Hinduism. Scholars have identified multiple trends in the changing nature of yoga since the end of the 19th century.
A yogi is a practitioner of Yoga, [1] including a sannyasin or practitioner of meditation in Indian religions. [2] The feminine form, sometimes used in English, is yogini.. Yogi has since the 12th century CE also denoted members of the Nath siddha tradition of Hinduism, [3] and in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, a practitioner of tantra.
The oldest texts to use the terminology of hatha are also Vajrayana Buddhist. [4] Hindu hatha yoga texts appear from the 11th century onward. Some of the early hatha yoga texts (11th-13th c.) describe methods to raise and conserve bindu (vital force, that is, semen, and in women rajas – menstrual fluid).
There are numerous parallels in the concepts in the Samkhya school of Hinduism, Yoga and various strands of Buddhism, particularly from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century AD, notes Larson, [19] and Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are a conflation of these three traditions.
Hinduism and Buddhism share many of the concepts behind Mindful Yoga, such as karma, the endless chain of cause-and-effect, symbolised by the endless knot at the centre of this Nepalese prayer wheel. The teacher of Mindful Yoga Anne Cushman notes that Hatha yoga and Buddhist meditation are branches of the same Indian contemplative tradition.
A yogini (Sanskrit: योगिनी, IAST: yoginī) is a female master practitioner of tantra and yoga, as well as a formal term of respect for female Hindu or Buddhist spiritual teachers in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Greater Tibet.