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decreased motor control including decreased speed, accuracy and dexterity; altered muscle tone (hypotonia or hypertonia) – a decrease or increase in the baseline level of muscle activity; decreased endurance; exaggerated deep tendon reflexes including spasticity, and clonus (a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions)
Woltman's sign (also called Woltman's sign of hypothyroidism or, in older references, myxedema reflex [1]) is a delayed relaxation phase of an elicited deep tendon reflex, usually tested in the Achilles tendon of the patient. Woltman's sign is named for Henry Woltman, an American neurologist. [2]
It can be detected through the use of a reflex hammer and is the opposite of hyperreflexia. [ citation needed ] Hyporeflexia is generally associated with a deficit in the lower motor neurons (at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to a muscle), whereas hyperreflexia is often attributed to lesions in the upper motor neurons (along the ...
The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. Normally, during the plantar reflex, it causes plantar flexion and the adduction of the toes. In Babinski's sign, there is dorsiflexion of the big toe and abduction of the other toes. Physiologically, it is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months.
The term "deep tendon reflex", if it refers to the muscle stretch reflex, is a misnomer. "Tendons have little to do with the response, other than being responsible for mechanically transmitting the sudden stretch from the reflex hammer to the muscle spindle.
Typically, the first identifiable sign of vitamin E deficiency is areflexia, or the loss of deep tendon reflexes, like the patellar reflex. The usual progression is then to ataxic gait (which continues to progressively worsen) and then to a loss of dorsal column sensations (position and vibration).
This results in decreased deep tendon reflexes (hyporeflexia), and skeletal muscle weakness. [6] Other symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias (especially in those taking digoxin), fatigue, nausea, vomiting (emesis), loss of appetite, abdominal pain, & paralytic ileus.
Deep tendon reflexes: Reflexes: masseter, biceps and triceps tendon, knee tendon, ankle jerk and plantar (i.e., Babinski sign). Globally, brisk reflexes suggest an abnormality of the UMN or pyramidal tract, while decreased reflexes suggest abnormality in the anterior horn, LMN, nerve or motor end plate. A reflex hammer is used for this testing.