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The welfare state of the United Kingdom began to evolve in the 1900s and early 1910s, and comprises expenditures by the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intended to improve health, education, employment and social security.
The State of Welfare: The economics of social spending (2nd ed, Oxford UP, 1998) summary; Halévy, Elie. History of the English People: The Rule of Democracy, 1905–1914 (1934), online; highly detailed political history. Harris, Bernard. The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Palgrave, 2004).
Social expenditure as % of GDP (). A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions ...
Total net social spending in terms of percent of GDP, takes into account public and private social expenditure, and also includes the effect of direct taxes (income tax and social security contributions), indirect taxation of consumption on cash benefits, as well as tax breaks for social purposes.
The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Palgrave, 2004). Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare state–recent advances in the literature." British Journal of Political Science 43#1 (2013): 221–240. online; Hawkins, Alun.
National Insurance (NI) is a fundamental component of the welfare state in the United Kingdom.It acts as a form of social security, since payment of NI contributions establishes entitlement to certain state benefits for workers and their families.
The commitment to modernise the welfare state was tackled by the introduction of "welfare to work" programmes [58] [59] to motivate the unemployed to return to work instead of drawing benefit. Poverty reduction programmes were targeted at specific groups, including children and the elderly, and took the form of what were termed "New Deals".
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