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The Tuskegee study deliberately left Black men diagnosed with syphilis untreated for 40 years. It was the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history. The AIDS epidemic has exposed the Tuskegee study as a historical marker for the legitimate discontent of Black people with the public health system.
Health system-level factors include any aspects of health systems that can have different effects on patient outcomes. Some of these factors include different access to services, access to insurance or other means to pay for services, access to adequate language and interpretation services, and geographic availability of different services. [ 127 ]
[3] [4] It is a fallacy of groupism and a process of racial dominance that has lasting harmful or damaging outcomes for racialized groups. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] An associated term is self-racialization, which refers to the practice by dominant groups to justify and defend their dominant status or to deny its existence.
In healthcare, implicit racial and ethnic biases can contribute to disparities in access to care, quality of care, and health outcomes for people of color. [16] A systematic review conducted by Hall et al. (2015) examined implicit racial and ethnic biases among healthcare professionals and their impact on healthcare outcomes.
Health inequities can manifest as disparities in several aspects of health such as quality of healthcare, incidence and outcome of disease or disorders, life span, infant mortality, health and sexual education, exercise, and drug use. Furthermore, racism itself is thought to have a negative impact on both mental and physical health.
Many researchers have called attention to this issue as a public health crisis that is not allocated the adequate attention, research, planning and management, public health programs, or funds to prevent and treat disease in Native American populations.
Some groups have historically mistrusted medical practices and new medical procedures. As COVID vaccines became more prevalent, there was a push to get the vaccine to disproportionately affected groups. However, White people were receiving higher rates of vaccination even though the pandemic disproportionately affected people of color.
At any moment, race, class, or gender may feel more salient or meaningful in a given person's life, but they are overlapping and cumulative in their effects on people's experiences. [1] This emphasizes that it is difficult for an individual to differentiate which aspect of their identity is being attacked.