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General Secretary of the Communist Party Nikolai Tikhonov Vasily Kuznetsov (acting) Himself: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party [25] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 to 9 February 1984. [49] Konstantin Chernenko (1911–1985) [50] 9 February 1984 [50] ↓ 10 March 1985† 1 year, 29 days —
Hardline communist leaders in the military reacted to Gorbachev's policies with the August Coup of 1991 in which hardline communist military leaders overthrew Gorbachev and seized control of the government. This regime only lasted briefly as widespread popular opposition erupted in street protests and refused to submit.
Of the eleven individuals appointed head of state, three died in office of natural causes (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko), one held the position in a temporary role (Vasily Kuznetsov), and four held posts of party leader and head of state simultaneously (Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Mikhail Gorbachev).
Dozens of demonstrators were killed by troops. The crowds grew hostile, so the soldiers had to decide which side they were on. As the situation became critical, soldiers refused to work for the Tsar. [2] On 26 February 1917 the Army abandoned the Tsar; the soldiers mutinied and refused to put down the riots.
Throughout the 20th century, the party adopted a number of different names. In 1918, RSDLP(b) became All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and remained so until 1925. From 1925 to 1952, the name was All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and from 1952 to 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The party's leaders were arrested but treated more leniently than other Bolshevik opponents. [303] Bolshevik anti-Polish propaganda poster, 1920. By 1919, the White armies were in retreat, and by 1920, they were defeated on all fronts. [304] The Russian state's territorial extent was reduced as non-Russian ethnic groups sought national ...
Its activities were suspended on Soviet territory 74 years later, on 29 August 1991, soon after a failed coup d'état by conservative CPSU leaders against the reforming Soviet president and party general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. The CPSU was a communist party based on democratic centralism. This principle, conceived by Lenin, entails ...
Many of these anti-communist mass killing campaigns, primarily during the Cold War, [302] [303] were supported by the United States and its Western Bloc allies, [304] [305] including those who were formally part of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, the Guatemalan genocide and Operation Condor in South ...