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Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
HDPE pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used to transfer fluids and gases. It is often employed for replacing aging concrete or steel main pipelines . Constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene ), it has low permeability and robust molecular bonding, making it suitable for high-pressure pipelines .
Plastic Pipe lengths manufactured in Australia by extruding HDPE material.. Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic.It is usually, but not necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids.
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter. The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the ...
A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. In the United Kingdom, the word can also be used for a longer artificially buried watercourse. [1]
For free flow, the equation to determine the flow rate is simply Q = CH a n where: Q is flowing rate (ft 3 /s) C is the free-flow coefficient for the flume (see Table 1 below) H a is the head at the primary point of measurement (ft) (See Figure 1 above) n varies with flume size (see Table 1 below) Parshall flume discharge table for free flow ...
HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio. [4] The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m 3. [5] Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength (38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE. [6]
The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.
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