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Candidate of Sciences (Candidatus scientiarum – CSc., replaced by common Ph.D. in the Czech Republic in 1998 and by PhD. in Slovakia in 1996); Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiae doctor – Ph.D. or PhD., awarded since 1998 and 1996, respectively; requires at least 3–5-year doctoral study and coursework of 120-180 Credits)
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation.
Numbers of speakers in the UK English: Germanic (West Germanic) Throughout the United Kingdom UK (2021 data): 91.1% (52.6 million) of usual residents, aged three years and over, had English (English or Welsh in Wales) as a main language (down from 92.3%, or 49.8 million, in 2011) [22] Scots (Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland) Germanic (West ...
This is a list of countries by the number of PhD degrees awarded in 2014 as per data available with the OECD. [1] * indicates "Research in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Universities in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
The European Year of Languages began in January 2001, and the Labour government had meetings with main European ambassadors about low participation in language education across the UK: Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz, Santiago de Mora-Figueroa y Williams and Daniel Bernard.
Along with the Institut français, the CEDS is a de facto lever of the French diplomatic influence (Action française à l'étranger). [6] It received French politician Jack Lang on September 25, 2009 for the inauguration of a Curriculum in International Relations delivered jointly with the Institut français à Athènes. [7]
In the United Kingdom in 2003, 25% of PhD graduates in the natural sciences continued to undertake post-doctoral research. [22] Since the landmark ruling in the employment tribunal (Scotland) Ball vs Aberdeen University 2008 case (S/101486/08), researchers who have held successive fixed-term contracts for four years' service are no longer temporary employees but are entitled to open-ended ...
The bachelor's master's doctorate system (in France réforme licence-master-doctorat or réforme LMD) is a European educational system [1] designed by the Bologna Process. [2] Its purpose is to standardize the educational system at European universities in order to harmonize study norms in terms of content, curriculum , syllabus , and course ...