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Piezoelectricity [note 1] is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress.
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. [1] [2] [3] The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers.
However, it is not true that piezoelectric sensors can only be used for very fast processes or at ambient conditions. In fact, numerous piezoelectric applications produce quasi-static measurements, and other applications work in temperatures higher than 500 °C.
The cross-section of a piezoelectric accelerometer. The word piezoelectric finds its roots in the Greek word piezein, which means to squeeze or press.When a physical force is exerted on the accelerometer, the seismic mass loads the piezoelectric element according to Newton's second law of motion (=).
Insides of a slip-stick piezoelectric motor. Two piezoelectric crystals are visible that provide the mechanical torque. [1]A piezoelectric motor or piezo motor is a type of electric motor based on the change in shape of a piezoelectric material when an electric field is applied, as a consequence of the converse piezoelectric effect.
Quartz is one member of a family of crystals that experience the piezoelectric effect.The piezoelectric effect has found applications in high power sources, sensors, actuators, frequency standards, motors, etc., and the relationship between applied voltage and mechanical deformation is well known; this allows probing an acoustic resonance by electrical means.
The part of non-centroysmmetric crystals in nature is much lower than centrosymmetric crystals (circa 22% of the Cambridge structural database [39]), but the frequency of NC crystals increases by a lot in pharmaceutical, biological and electronic fields because of the particular properties of these crystals (piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity ...
Piezoelectricity in thin films [ edit ] The crystallographic orientation of a thin film depends on the piezomaterial selected and many other items like the surface on which the film is grown and various manufacturing - thin film growth - conditions (temperatures selected, pressure, gases used, vacuum conditions etc.).