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The History of the Khalifahs who took the Right Way is a partial translation of History of the Caliphs.Its translator, Abdassamad Clarke, chose to translate the biographies of the first four "Rightly Guided Caliphs" adding to them Imam Hasan ibn Ali, because of his action in healing the divisions in the early community and, according to Sunni Muslims' opinion, legitimately handing power over ...
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history. [4]
Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafāʾ (روضة الصفا في سیرة الانبياء والملوك والخلفاء, ‘The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs’) or Rawdatu 's-safa is a Persian-language history of the origins of Islam, early Islamic civilisation ...
The Abbasid caliphs were descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad.
The caliphs are also known in Muslim history as the "orthodox" or "patriarchal" caliphs. [6] Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Muslim leaders debated who should succeed him. Unlike later caliphs, Rashidun were often chosen by some form of a small group of high-ranking companions of the Prophet in shūrā (lit.
Al-Ashbaahu Wan-Nadhaair, a famous authoritative book of the Shafi'i madhab [36] History of the Caliphs (Tarikh al-Khulafa) The Khalifas who Took the Right Way, a partial translation of the History of the Caliphs, covering the first four Rashidun caliphs and Hasan ibn Ali; Tabaqat al-Huffaz, an appendix to al-Dhahabi's Tadhkirat al-Huffaz
The Political History of Islam (Persian: تاریخ سیاسی اسلام) is a two-volume book by Rasul Jafarian.The first volume is entitled "The life conduct of the Prophet (of Islam)" in 692 pages [12] and the second volume is entitled "History of the Caliphs" in 828 pages. [13]
The Mihna (Arabic: محنة خلق القرآن, romanized: miḥna khalaq al-qurʾān, lit. 'ordeal of Quranic createdness') (also known as the first Muslim inquisition) was a period of religious persecution instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 AD in which religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed [citation needed] unless they conformed to Muʿtazila doctrine.