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[3] [4]: 2 Turbulence is caused by excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the damping effect of the fluid's viscosity. For this reason, turbulence is commonly realized in low viscosity fluids.
The turbulence is then extreme at this altitude. [11] Moreover, the diameters of the updraft columns vary between 2 km (air mass thunderstorm) and 10 km (supercell thunderstorm). [19] The height of the cumulonimbus base is extremely variable. It varies from a few tens of meters above the ground to 4000 m above the ground.
Although the vast majority of cases of turbulence are harmless, in rare cases cabin crew and passengers on aircraft have been injured when tossed around inside an aircraft cabin during extreme turbulence. In a small number of cases, people have been killed and at least two aircraft disintegrated mid-air.
One passenger died and 30 others were injured aboard a Singapore Airlines flight that was hit by "severe turbulence," officials said Tuesday, but experts say such deaths are rare even as ...
Also actiniform. Describing a collection of low-lying, radially structured clouds with distinct shapes (resembling leaves or wheels in satellite imagery), and typically organized in extensive mesoscale fields over marine environments. They are closely related to and sometimes considered a variant of stratocumulus clouds. actinometer A scientific instrument used to measure the heating power of ...
The largest motions, or eddies, of turbulence contain most of the kinetic energy, whereas the smallest eddies are responsible for the viscous dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy. Kolmogorov hypothesized that when these scales are well separated, the intermediate range of length scales would be statistically isotropic, and that its ...
The U.S. FAA lists factors of aircraft upset in the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid [1] [2] as follows: Turbulence causes: Clear air turbulence; Mountain wave turbulence; Windshear; Thunderstorms; Microbursts; Wake turbulence; Aircraft icing; Systems anomalies: Flight instruments; Autoflight systems; Flight control and other anomalies ...
800-290-4726 more ways to reach us. Sign in. Mail. 24/7 Help. For premium support please call: 800-290-4726 more ways ... February 11, 2025, is BIGBOX. What Are Today’s NYT Strands Answers, Word ...