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Linnaean taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus – domain (biology) – kingdom (biology) – phylum – class (biology) – order (biology) – family (biology) – genus – species; Three-domain system: archaea – bacteria – eukaryote – protist – fungi – plant – animal; Binomial nomenclature: scientific classification – Homo sapiens; History ...
Light micrograph of a moss's leaf cells at 400X magnification. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: . Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.
Contact inhibition is a regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick (a monolayer). If a cell has plenty of available substrate space, it replicates rapidly and moves freely.
Autocrine signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling where the secreting cell has the ability to respond to the secreted signaling molecule. [9] Synaptic signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling (for chemical synapses ) or juxtacrine signaling (for electrical synapses ) between neurons and target cells.
In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an archaean and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic mitochondria, some 2.2 billion years ago. A second merger, 1.6 billion years ago, added chloroplasts, creating the green plants. [31] Eukaryotic cells were created some 2.2 billion years ago in a process called eukaryogenesis.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms.
The mechanism of the ligation reaction was first elucidated in the laboratory of I. Robert Lehman. [4] [5] Two fragments of DNA may be joined by DNA ligase which catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group (-OH) at one end of a strand of DNA and the 5'-phosphate group (-PO4) of another.