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The United States Naval Observatory states "the Equation of Time is the difference apparent solar time minus mean solar time", i.e. if the sun is ahead of the clock the sign is positive, and if the clock is ahead of the sun the sign is negative. [6] [7] The equation of time is shown in the upper graph above for a period of slightly more than a ...
C is the Equation of the center value needed to calculate lambda (see next equation). 1.9148 is the coefficient of the Equation of the Center for the planet the observer is on (in this case, Earth) Ecliptic longitude
is the time between two events as measured in the moving reference frame in which they occur at the same place (e.g. two ticks on a moving clock); it is called the proper time between the two events; t is the time between these same two events, but as measured in the stationary reference frame;
The solar zenith angle is the zenith angle of the sun, i.e., the angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical direction.It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane.
The summer solstice occurs for Earth’s upper half when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted most closely toward the sun. This also marks the longest day and shortest night of the year. Around the same time, the Southern Hemisphere is at its most extreme tilt away from the sun, entering winter solstice and its shortest day of the year.
The lengths of time when the sun is up are longer around the summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice, except near the equator. When the Sun's path crosses the equator, the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and −L° are of equal length. This is known as an equinox. There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year.
The winter solstice marks the shortest day and longest night of the year, according to the National Weather Service. This occurs due to the Earth's tilt from the sun.
The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year, marking the period with the fewest hours of daylight. It also represents the longest night of the year, and the time when the sun is at its ...