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The United States, Europe and China account for 75% of demand, with China's consumption having increased from 20% in the early 1990s to 50%. [9] Glass container manufacture is also a geographical business; the product is heavy and large in volume, and the major raw materials (sand, soda ash and limestone) are generally readily available.
Glass was not pressed in the United States until the 1820s. [8] Until the 20th century, window glass production involved blowing a cylinder and flattening it. [9] Two major methods to make window glass, the crown method and the cylinder method, were used until the process was changed much later in the 1920s. [10]
Most float glass is soda–lime glass, but relatively minor quantities of specialty borosilicate [64] and flat panel display glass are also produced using the float glass process. The success of this process lay in the careful balance of the volume of glass fed onto the bath, where it was flattened by its own weight. [ 65 ]
The Fourcault process is a method of manufacturing plate glass. First developed in Belgium by Émile Fourcault (1862–1919) during the early 1900s, the process was used globally. Fourcault is an example of a "vertical draw" process, in that the glass is drawn against gravity in an upward direction. [1] Gravity forces influence parts of the ...
Frederick W. Taylor, recognizing the inefficiencies introduced by some production lines, proposed that by studying the motions and processes necessary to manufacture each component of a product, reorganizing the factory and manufacturing processes around workers, and paying workers piece rates would allow great gains in process efficiency ...
In manufacturing, glass-ceramics are valued for having the strength of ceramic but the hermetic sealing properties of glass. Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process, after which the glass is cooled down. Second, the glass is put through a controlled heat treatment schedule.
Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal of a low melting point, typically tin, [1] although lead was used for the process in the past. [2] This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and a very flat surface. [ 3 ]
During 1888 through 1890, most glass factories in the United States had financial difficulty. [10] The United States had six economic contractions between 1880 and 1900. [11] Deflation was a problem, and the term depression has been used to describe that economic time instead of simply recession. A banking crisis occurred in 1893. [12]