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Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. [7] [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]
Clinical guidelines in Great Britain, but not in the United States, call for avoiding diuretics and beta blockers as first-line treatment of hypertension due to the risk of diabetes. [49] Beta blockers must not be used in the treatment of selective alpha-adrenergic agonist overdose.
Nebivolol is a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. [5] As with other β-blockers, it is generally a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. [6] It may be used by itself or with other blood pressure medication. [6] It is taken by mouth. [6] Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, nausea, and ...
It is a beta blocker, specifically a selective β 1 receptor blocker, and is taken by mouth or is given intravenously. [4] Common side effects include trouble sleeping, feeling tired, feeling faint, and abdominal discomfort. [4] Large doses may cause serious toxicity. [5] [6] Risk in pregnancy has not been ruled out.
Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with low lipophilicity and hence lower potential for crossing the blood–brain barrier and blood–placenta barrier. [ 17 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [ 17 ]
It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus. [6] Timolol is a non-selective beta blocker. [3] Timolol was patented in 1968, and came into medical use in 1978. [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] Timolol is available as a generic medication.
Betaxolol is a selective beta 1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and angina. [1] It is also a adrenergic blocker with no partial agonist action and minimal membrane stabilizing activity. [2]