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  2. Second messenger system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger_system

    The binding of a ligand to the receptor causes a conformation change in the receptor. This conformation change can affect the activity of the receptor and result in the production of active second messengers. [citation needed] In the case of G protein-coupled receptors, the conformation change exposes a binding site for a G-protein.

  3. cAMP-dependent pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway

    cAMP-dependent pathway is necessary for many living organisms and life processes. Many different cell responses are mediated by cAMP; these include increase in heart rate, cortisol secretion, and breakdown of glycogen and fat. cAMP is essential for the maintenance of memory in the brain, relaxation in the heart, and water absorbed in the kidney ...

  4. Neuromodulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

    Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal.

  5. Glutamate receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor

    Furthermore, Ca 2+ currents through the NMDA receptor modulate not just the membrane potential but act as an important second messenger system. The particular dynamics of the NMDAR allow it to function as a neural coincidence detector , and the NMDAR Ca 2+ currents are critical in synaptic plasticity ( LTP and LTD ) and learning and memory in ...

  6. Synaptic plasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity

    Two molecular mechanisms for synaptic plasticity involve the NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. Opening of NMDA channels (which relates to the level of cellular depolarization) leads to a rise in post-synaptic Ca 2+ concentration and this has been linked to long-term potentiation, LTP (as well as to protein kinase activation); strong depolarization of the post-synaptic cell completely ...

  7. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

    Biochemical changes can reduce receptor affinity for a ligand. [41] Reducing the sensitivity of the receptor is a result of receptors being occupied for a long time. This results in a receptor adaptation in which the receptor no longer responds to the signaling molecule. Many receptors have the ability to change in response to ligand ...

  8. Calcium signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_signaling

    Calcium is a ubiquitous second messenger with wide-ranging physiological roles. [3] These include muscle contraction , neuronal transmission (as in an excitatory synapse ), cellular motility (including the movement of flagella and cilia ), fertilization , cell growth (proliferation), neurogenesis , learning and memory as with synaptic ...

  9. CREB - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB

    A generalized sequence of events is summarized as follows: A signal arrives at the cell surface, activates the corresponding receptor, which leads to the production of a second messenger such as cAMP or Ca 2+, which in turn activates a protein kinase. This protein kinase translocates to the cell nucleus, where it activates a CREB protein.