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Closed-head injuries are the leading cause of death in children under 4 years old and the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people. [1] [2] Overall, closed-head injuries and other forms of mild traumatic brain injury account for about 75% of the estimated 1.7 million brain injuries that occur annually in ...
Cranial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cranial nerves. Although it could theoretically be considered a mononeuropathy , it is not considered as such under MeSH . It is possible for a disorder of more than one cranial nerve to occur at the same time, if a trauma occurs at a location where many cranial nerves run ...
To assess the location and severity of a nerve injury, clinical assessment is commonly combined with electrodiagnostic tests. [2] Injuries to the myelin are usually the least severe (neuropraxia), while injuries to the axons and supporting structures are more severe (axonotmesis is moderate injury, while neurotmesis is severe injury). [2]
Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s). [ 1 ] Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke , multiple sclerosis , traumatic brain injury , cerebral palsy , atypical ...
An impairment following damage to a region of the brain does not necessarily imply that the damaged area is wholly responsible for the cognitive process which is impaired, however. For example, in pure alexia , the ability to read is destroyed by a lesion damaging both the left visual field and the connection between the right visual field and ...
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. [8] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, difficulty with thinking and concentration, sleep disturbances, mood changes, a brief period of memory loss, brief loss of consciousness; problems with balance; nausea; blurred vision; and mood changes.
A variety of nerve types can be subjected to neurapraxia and therefore symptoms of the injury range in degree and intensity. Common symptoms of neurapraxia are disturbances in sensation, weakness of muscle, vasomotor and sudomotor paralysis in the region of the affected nerve or nerves, and abnormal sensitivity of the nerve at the point of injury. [1]
In contrast, pseudobulbar palsy is a clinical syndrome similar to bulbar palsy but in which the damage is located in upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tracts in the mid-pons (i.e., in the cranial nerves IX-XII), that is the nerve cells coming down from the cerebral cortex innervating the motor nuclei in the medulla.