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Carbonatation is a slow process that occurs in concrete where lime (CaO, or Ca(OH) 2 ) in the cement reacts with carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the air and forms calcium carbonate. The water in the pores of Portland cement concrete is normally alkaline with a pH in the range of 12.5 to 13.5.
The thermodynamically stable form of CaCO 3 under normal conditions is hexagonal β-CaCO 3 (the mineral calcite). Other forms can be prepared, the denser (2.83 g/cm 3) orthorhombic λ-CaCO 3 (the mineral aragonite) and hexagonal μ-CaCO 3, occurring as the mineral vaterite. The aragonite form can be prepared by precipitation at temperatures ...
It consists of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, in a trigonal planar arrangement, with D 3h molecular symmetry. It has a molecular mass of 60.01 g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) [8] ion, HCO − 3, which is the conjugate base of H 2 CO 3, carbonic acid.
In the second step, all the aqua ligands are lost and a linear, two-coordinate product [H 3 N–Ag–NH 3] + is formed. Examination of the thermodynamic data [ 25 ] shows that the difference in entropy change is the main contributor to the difference in stability constants for the two complexation reactions.
A Lewis base or electron-pair donor is a molecule with one or more high-energy lone pairs of electrons which can be shared with a low-energy vacant orbital in an acceptor molecule to form an adduct. In addition to H + , possible electron-pair acceptors (Lewis acids) include neutral molecules such as BF 3 and high oxidation state metal ions such ...
The charge on the ion is +5 − 3 × 2 = −1, and so the formula is ClO − 3. The structure of the ion is predicted by VSEPR theory to be pyramidal, with three bonding electron pairs and one lone pair. In a similar way, The oxyanion of chlorine(III) has the formula ClO − 2, and is bent with two lone pairs and two bonding pairs.
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum , among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [ 1 ]
3. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is an amphiprotic species which has both acidic and basic properties. It is both the conjugate base of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3; and the conjugate acid of CO 2− 3, the carbonate ion, as shown by these equilibrium reactions: CO 2− 3 + 2 H 2 O ⇌ HCO − 3 + H 2 O + OH − ⇌ H 2 ...