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The natural history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years.
If mitral valve stenosis is a result of birth defects during development stemming from rheumatic fever, several things may occur in the heart. Rheumatic fever causes the immune system to attack its own protein tissues leading to lesions forming on the mitral valve flaps.
Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan's syndrome and the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes are other typical causes. [6] Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close ...
Patients with mitral stenosis may present with heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, hemoptysis, thromboembolism, or ascites and edema (if right-sided heart failure develops). [16] Symptoms of mitral stenosis increase with exercise and pregnancy [16]
Mitral stenosis causes left atrial pressure to increase, which, if left untreated, can lead to ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, and thrombus creation. Symptoms include shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) on exertion, when lying flat ( orthopnea ) or during the night ( paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ), and fatigue.
Mitral regurgitation can also be caused by rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart tissue and lead to chronic rheumatic heart disease. The chronic inflammation leads to leaflet fibrosis, which makes it so that they don’t form a nice seal and instead let blood leak through.
The child will experience symptoms such as red, scaly skin patches, as well as inflammation in their toes, fingers, or along the ridges of their fingernails. [ 15 ] Undifferentiated arthritis: children that is impacted by this has two or more of the symptoms from any of the arthritis subtypes described above, or the child has symptoms that does ...
With chronic rheumatic heart disease, the valves, typically the mitral valve but sometimes the aortic valve, develop scar tissue from repeated inflammation. The leaflets of the valves become thicker and can actually fuse together, called commissural fusion, Also the chordae tendinae which are attached to the valves can become thickened as well.
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