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Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) represent a subset of anti-inflammatory macrophages. In general, macrophages are a very dynamic and plastic cell type and can be divided into two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). [1] M2 group can further be divided into sub-groups M2a, M2b, M2c, and ...
U-937-derived macrophages preferentially respond to M2-inducing stimuli, subsequently leading them to acquire the phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages. Whereas, in the case of THP-1 cells, the polarization is reversed in favor of classical M1 macrophages. Both cell lines can be artificially polarized in either direction though.
Key ligands expressed by macrophages Wnt5a and Wnt11 enhance the expression of the VEGF inhibitory receptor Flt1 so that blocking this pathway supports vascularization. [11] Other study focuses on heart injury. They found that during the late phase of scar formation M2 macrophages are needed for vascularization together with fibrosis to form a ...
Macrophages have been classified as M1 or M2 depending on the adaptive immune response that elicited the phenotype: Th1 or Th2 respectively. [2] [4] [5] The phrase 'alternatively activated macrophage' is used to refer to M2 macrophages. [2] Regulatory macrophages do not fit into the M1/M2 classification system, and they display different ...
Without CSF-1, the cells enter an inactive state but can reinitiate growth and differentiation if stimulated later. [6] Mature macrophages and fibroblasts, which may carry unwanted growth factors, are removed. [6] Next, IL-3 and IL-1, two growth factors, are often added to increase yield and promote rapid terminal differentiation. [6]
Unlike M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages secrete an anti-inflammatory response via the addition of Interleukin-4 or Interleukin-13. They also play a role in wound healing and are needed for revascularization and reepithelialization. M2 macrophages are divided into four major types based on their roles: M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d.
M1 macrophages are seen to have a pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic (anti-tumoral) function; M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory (pro-tumoral) and promote wound healing. However, use of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm has led to confusing terminology since M1/M2 are used to describe mature macrophages, but the activation process is complex and ...
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