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The shelf angle, in turn, is attached to major elements of the building structure such as floor beams or structural columns. Shelf angles are in reality a horizontal expansion joint which allows growth of the brick below the shelf angle and to allow movement or shrinkage of the frame without putting stresses on the brick veneer.
Coralent: A brick or block pattern that exhibits a unique interlocking pattern. Corbel: A brick, block, or stone that oversails the main wall. Cramp: Or frame cramp is a tie used to secure a window or door frame. Creasing tile: A flat clay tile laid as a brick to form decorative features or waterproofing to the top of a garden wall. Dog leg: A ...
If a masonry or steel frame exists, the maximum area of the wall can be 144 square feet (13.4 m 2), whereas the maximum area without a frame is 100 square feet (9.3 m 2). [5] The William Lescaze House and Office at 211 East 48th Street in New York City, built in 1934, was the city's first house to use glass blocks as walls. [6]
The vector displays of the 1960s-1970s used deflection of an electron beam to draw line segments directly on the screen. Nowadays, vector graphics are rendered by rasterization algorithms that also support filled shapes. In principle, any 2D vector graphics renderer can be used to render 3D objects by first projecting them onto a 2D image plane.
Curtain walls may be designed as "systems" integrating frame, wall panel, and weatherproofing materials. Steel frames have largely given way to aluminum extrusions. Glass is typically used for infill because it can reduce construction costs, provide an architecturally pleasing look, and allow natural light to penetrate deeper within the building.
The batter angle is typically described as a ratio of the offset and height or a degree angle that is dependent on the building materials and application. For example, typical dry-stone construction of retaining walls utilizes a 1:6 ratio, that is for every 1 inch that the wall steps back, it increases 6 inches in height. [5]
Brick quoins may appear on brick buildings, extending from the facing brickwork in such a way as to give the appearance of generally uniformly cut ashlar blocks of stone larger than the bricks. Where quoins are decorative and non-load-bearing a wider variety of materials is used, including timber , stucco , or other cement render .
A refraction ray traveling through transparent material works similarly, with the addition that a refractive ray could be entering or exiting a material. Turner Whitted extended the mathematical logic for rays passing through a transparent solid to include the effects of refraction. [19] A shadow ray is traced toward each light.
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