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A false statement, also known as a falsehood, falsity, misstatement or untruth, is a statement that is false or does not align with reality. This concept spans various fields, including communication, law, linguistics, and philosophy. It is considered a fundamental issue in human discourse.
The illusory truth effect (also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect) is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. [1] This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University.
A 2022 study found that individuals exposed to a fact-check of a false statement by a far-right politician were less likely to share the false statement. [29] Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions, [30] [31] [32] whereas other studies have found no effects. [33] [34]
Essentially, the new information that a person receives works backward in time to distort memory of the original event. [6] One mechanism through which the misinformation effect occurs is source misattribution, in which the false information given after the event becomes incorporated into people's memory of the actual event. [7]
The legal rule itself – how to apply this exception – is complicated, as it is often dependent on who said the statement and which actor it was directed towards. [6] The analysis is thus different if the government or a public figure is the target of the false statement (where the speech may get more protection) than a private individual who is being attacked over a matter of their private ...
Fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information (misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news. [1] Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity , [ 2 ] or making money through advertising revenue.
There is an ongoing debate on whether misinformation interventions may have the negative side effect of reducing belief in both false and true information, regardless of veracity. [120] For instance, one study found that inoculation and accuracy primes to some extent undermined users' ability to distinguish implausible from plausible conspiracy ...
Statements of intention; Statements of intention do not constitute misrepresentations should they fail to come to fruition, since the time the statements were made they can not be deemed either true or false. However, an action can be brought if the intention never actually existed, as in Edgington v Fitzmaurice. [47] Statements of law