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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation, radiation, or heat. [3]
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), also known as ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. [1] [2] It catalyzes this formation by removing the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose ring of nucleoside diphosphates (or triphosphates depending on the class of RNR).
The DNase enzyme relies on the presence of a divalent cation, which is usually Ca 2+, for proper function. The active site of DNase I includes two histidine residues (His134 and His252) and two acidic residues ( Glu 78 and Asp 212), all of which are critical for the general acid-base catalysis of phosphodiester bonds.
Superoxide is known to denature enzymes, oxidize lipids, and fragment DNA. [21] SODs catalyze the production of O 2 and H 2 O 2 from superoxide (O − 2), which results in less harmful reactants. When acclimating to increased levels of oxidative stress, SOD concentrations typically increase with the degree of stress conditions.
Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme regardless of whether it has already bound the substrate. [1] This is unlike competitive inhibition, where binding affinity for the substrate in the enzyme is decreased in the presence of an ...
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex ...
Stress proteins can exhibit widely varied functions within a cell- both during normal life processes and in response to stress. For example, studies in Drosophila have indicated that when DNA encoding certain stress proteins exhibit mutation defects, the resulting cells have impaired or lost abilities such as normal mitotic division and ...
This variation is due to the enzyme's genetic polymorphism, which leads to variability in its function and expression. To optimize drug metabolism in individuals, genetic testing should be conducted to determine functional foods and specific phytonutrients that cater to the individual's CYP450 polymorphism.