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CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair , cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
CHEK2 regulates cell cycle progression and spindle assembly during mouse oocyte maturation and early embryo development. [14] Although CHEK2 is a down stream effector of the ATM kinase that responds primarily to double-strand breaks it can also be activated by ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related) kinase that responds primarily to single ...
Activation of Chk1 holds the cell in the G2 phase until ready to enter the mitotic phase. This delay allows time for DNA to repair or cell death to occur if DNA damage is irreversible. [ 12 ] Chk1 must inactivate in order for the cell to transition from the G2 phase into mitosis, Chk1 expression levels are mediated by regulatory proteins.
ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2 [8] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1. [9] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51 . [ 10 ] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub, [ 11 ] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B - RAD51C ...
Activation of the ERK1/2 pathway by aberrant RAS/RAF signalling, DNA damage, and oxidative stress leads to cellular senescence. [12] Low doses of DNA damage resulting from cancer therapy cause ERK1/2 to induce senescence, whereas higher doses of DNA damage fail to activate ERK1/2, and thus induce cell death by apoptosis .
ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2 [10] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1. [11] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51 . [ 12 ] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub, [ 13 ] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B ...
ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2 [9] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1. [10] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51 . [ 11 ] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub, [ 12 ] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B - RAD51C ...
Additionally, activation of STAT3 may occur via phosphorylation of serine 727 by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [6] and through c-src non-receptor tyrosine kinase. [7] [8] STAT3 mediates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and thus plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and ...