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Dinoflagellate evolution has been summarized into five principal organizational types: prorocentroid, dinophysoid, gonyaulacoid, peridinioid, and gymnodinoid. [149] The transitions of marine species into fresh water have been frequent events during the diversification of dinoflagellates and have occurred recently.
Previously the genus contained also a large number of marine dinoflagellate species. However, these marine species have now been assigned to a new genus called Tripos . [ 1 ] Ceratium dinoflagellates are characterized by their armored plates, two flagella, and horns. [ 2 ]
Dinokaryota is a main grouping of dinoflagellates.They include all species where the nucleus remains a dinokaryon throughout the entire cell cycle, which is typically dominated by the haploid stage.
The original book in which Torodinium was first named does not explain the meaning of the genus’s name. However, the suffix root “dinium”, commonly used in dinoflagellate naming, is known to be derived from the word “vortex”. [3]
Amphidinium is a genus of dinoflagellates.The type for the genus is Amphidinium operculatum Claparède & Lachmann. The genus includes the species Amphidinium carterae which is used as a model organism.
PSP toxins (of which saxitoxin is the most ubiquitous) are produced in eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). ). Within the freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives from saxitoxin produced by cyanobac
[1] [2] [3] The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts , and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon .
Gonyaulax spinifera. Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides.