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The solvent utilized in single-solvent recrystallization must dissolve the crude reaction mixture only when it is heated to reflux. [3] The heated solution is then passively cooled, yielding a crystallized product absent of impurities. [3] The solid crystals are then collected utilizing a filtration apparatus and the filtrate is discarded. [4]
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Solvent Density (g cm-3) ... Naphthalene: 217.9 78.2 –6.80 Nitrobenzene: 210.8 5.24 5.7 –7.00 Phenol: 181.75 3.60 43.0 –7.27 K f [2] K b [1] Water: 100.00 0.512 ...
The naphthalene anions are strong reducing agents. Naphthalene can be hydrogenated under high pressure in the presence of metal catalysts to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(C 10 H 12), also known as tetralin. Further hydrogenation yields decahydronaphthalene or decalin (C 10 H 18). Oxidation with O
If mixed solvents are used, target compound and impurities are first dissolved in small amount of solvent, and then addition of another solvent causes desired compound to precipitate. This can be considered a crude form of recrystallization performed without changes in temperature.
The process is then repeated to increase the purity in a technique known as recrystallization. For biological molecules in which the solvent channels continue to be present to retain the three dimensional structure intact, microbatch [2] crystallization under oil and vapor diffusion [3] have been the common methods.
The example of sodium sulfate in water is well-known and this was why it was used in early studies of solubility. Recrystallization [5] [6] is a process used to purify chemical compounds. A mixture of the impure compound and solvent is heated until the compound has dissolved. If there is some solid impurity remaining it is removed by filtration ...
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.