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The hardness and stiffness parallel to the rod axis results in high hardness and modulus, shown to have modulus values of 85–90 GPa and hardness values of 3.4-3.9 GPa. [66] The hardness and modulus in the direction perpendicular to the rod directions are lower values, shown to have an elastic modulus between 70 and 77 GPa and a hardness value ...
P11-4 is a self-assembling β-peptide. It builds a 3-D bio-matrix with binding sites for Calcium-ions serving as nucleation point for hydroxyapatite (tooth mineral) formation. The high affinity to tooth mineral is based on matching distances of Ca-ion binding sites on P11-4 and Ca spacing in the crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite.
The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish white. At the edges of teeth where there is no dentin underlying the enamel, the color sometimes has a slightly blue tone. Since enamel is semitranslucent, the color of dentin and any restorative dental material underneath the enamel strongly affects the appearance of a tooth.
Mineralized tissues combine stiffness, low weight, strength and toughness due to the presence of minerals (the inorganic part) in soft protein networks and tissues (the organic part). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are approximately 60 different minerals generated through biological processes, but the most common ones are calcium carbonate found in mollusk ...
Cross-section of a tooth. B is dentin. Dentin (/ ˈ d ɛ n t ɪ n / DEN-tin) (American English) or dentine (/ ˈ d ɛ n ˌ t iː n / DEN-teen or / ˌ d ɛ n ˈ t iː n / DEN-TEEN) (British English) (Latin: substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth.
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals, [3] 96%, with water and organic material composing the rest. [4] The primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. [5] Enamel is formed on the tooth while the tooth is developing within the gum, before it erupts into ...
Vivianite is a soft mineral, with Mohs hardness only 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 2, and specific gravity 2.7. It splits easily, with perfect cleavage perpendicular to the b-crystal axis, due to the sheet-like structure of the mineral. It is sectile, with a fibrous fracture, and thin laminae parallel to the cleavage plane are flexible. It is easily soluble ...
It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely: [1] Gingiva (the gums) Periodontal ligament (PDL) Cementum; Alveolar bone proper; Each of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure.
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