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  2. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    The birthday paradox is a veridical ... is the probability of at least two of the n people sharing a birthday. It is easier to first calculate the probability p ...

  3. Birthday attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack

    A birthday attack is a bruteforce collision attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations ...

  4. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    Bertrand's box paradox: A paradox of conditional probability closely related to the Boy or Girl paradox. Bertrand's paradox: Different common-sense definitions of randomness give quite different results. Birthday paradox: In a random group of only 23 people, there is a better than 50/50 chance two of them have the same birthday.

  5. Category:Probability theory paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Probability...

    Berkson's paradox; Bertrand paradox (probability) Bertrand's box paradox; Birthday problem; Borel–Kolmogorov paradox; Boy or girl paradox; E. Ellsberg paradox;

  6. Pollard's rho algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard's_rho_algorithm

    If the pseudorandom number = occurring in the Pollard ρ algorithm were an actual random number, it would follow that success would be achieved half the time, by the birthday paradox in () (/) iterations. It is believed that the same analysis applies as well to the actual rho algorithm, but this is a heuristic claim, and rigorous analysis of ...

  7. The Most Common Birthday Might Surprise You - AOL

    www.aol.com/most-common-birthday-might-surprise...

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  8. Collision resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_resistance

    The "birthday paradox" places an upper bound on collision resistance: if a hash function produces N bits of output, an attacker who computes only 2 N/2 (or ) hash operations on random input is likely to find two matching outputs.

  9. 2 Social Security Changes That Could Hurt You Financially in 2025

    www.aol.com/2-social-security-changes-could...

    One positive aspect of Social Security is that the program is set up to adapt to economic changes. Each year, for example, Social Security benefits are eligible for an automatic cost-of-living ...