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Apixaban, sold under the brand name Eliquis, is an anticoagulant medication used to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent stroke in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation through directly inhibiting factor Xa.
The key step of this reaction is a (3+2)cycloaddition of a p-methoxyphenylchlorohydrazon derivate and a p-iodophenyl-morpholin-dihydropyridin derivate. After the following elimination of HCl and morpholine , the iodine is substituted by 2-piperidinone by copper -catalization and the ethyl esther is converted to an amide ( aminolysis ).
The monitoring of warfarin and keeping the international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0, along with avoiding over and under treatment, has driven a search for an alternative. [3] [14] A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was reported in 1971 by Spellman et al. from the dog hookworm. [15]
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. [2] A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor . [ 3 ]
2) CKD2 (mild) – GFR of 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m 2 with evidence of kidney damage 3) CKD3 (moderate) – GFR of 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 4) CKD4 (severe) – GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m 2 5) CKD5 kidney failure – GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 Some people add CKD5D for those stage 5 patients requiring dialysis; many patients in CKD5 are ...
Kidney nephron molar transport diagram.png licensed with Cc-by-3.0 2010-12-21T00:43:09Z Juvo415 804x566 (171245 Bytes) {{Information |Description={{en|1=Nephron, Diagram of the urine formation. The number inside tubular urin concentration in mOsm/l - when ADH acts}} {{pl|1=Nefron, Schemat tworzenia moczu. Cyfry wewnątrz kanalików oznaczają
It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). [1] It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone , and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide . It is very efficient, since more than 25,000 m mol /day of sodium is filtered into the nephron , but only ~100 mmol/day, or less than 0.4% remains in the final urine.
Diagram illustrating renal flow along the nephron Main article: Excretion In pharmacology , the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted ) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.