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A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.
Plant Competition. An Analysis of Community Functions (1929, with J.E. Weaver & H.C. Hanson. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington; The Genera of Fungi (1931, repr. 1965, with C. L. Shear) Nature and structure of the climax (1936). The Journal of Ecology, 24(1), 252–284. Together with his wife Edith Clements he edited three exsiccata ...
[1] [26] In ecotypes, it is common for continuous, gradual geographic variation to impose analogous phenotypic and genetic variation, a situation which leads to the emergence of clines . [ 1 ] A well-known example of a cline is the skin color gradation in indigenous human populations worldwide, which is related to latitude and amounts of sunlight.
A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare. [1]: 115 This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare. [1]: 115 An example is the sycamore alluvial woodland in California dominated by the California sycamore Platanus racemosa.
[1] [2] [3] The term is derived from the field of community ecology, which is primarily concerned with patterns of species distribution, abundance and interactions. Metacommunity ecology combines the importance of local factors (environmental conditions, competition, predation) and regional factors (dispersal of individuals, immigration ...
[1]: 181 The term was first coined by Alexander von Humboldt [1]: 16 and formalised by the International Botanical Congress in 1910. [1]: 182 [2] An association can be viewed as a real, integrated entity shaped either by species interactions or by similar habitat requirements, or it can be viewed as merely a common point along a continuum.
[1] Biogeographic realms are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes , also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form , or the adaptation of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants to climatic, soil , and other conditions.
[1] [2] Organisms living in this zone have a highly variable and often hostile environment, and have evolved various adaptations to cope with and even exploit these conditions. One easily visible feature of intertidal communities is vertical zonation, where the community is divided into distinct vertical bands of specific species going up the ...