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Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914: A Study in Imperialism (1968) Lebra-Chapman, Joyce. Japan's Greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere in World War II: selected readings and documents (Oxford University Press, 1975) Lee, Robert. France and the exploitation of China, 1885-1901: A study in economic imperialism (1989) Webster, Anthony.
European Imperialism, 1860–1914 (1996), Brief survey focuses on historiography; Roberts, Stephen H. History of French Colonial Policy (1870–1925) (2 vol 1929) vol 1 online also vol 2 online; comprehensive scholarly history; Savelle, Max. Empires to Nations: Expansion in America, 1713–1824 (1975) Smith, Tony.
At the end of the first wave a new wave of European colonization took shape and is known as the period of New Imperialism, which started in the late 19th-century and primarily focused on Africa and Asia, which is congruent with the period of classical modernity. Both periods are considered as the establishing periods of globalization and modernity
Ecological imperialism is an explanatory concept, introduced by Alfred Crosby, [1] that points out the contribution of European biological species such as animals, plants and pathogens in the success of European colonists. Crosby wrote Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 in 1986. He used the term "Neo-Europes ...
Conflict between the various European empires and the indigenous peoples was a leading dynamic in the Americas into the 1800s, although some parts of the continent gained their independence from Europe by then, countries such as the United States continued to fight against Native Americans and practiced settler colonialism.
Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century. [2]
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, c. 1670. Although the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries saw a rise in Western imperialism in the world system, the period of proto-globalization involved increased interaction between Western Europe and the systems that had formed between nations in East Asia and the Middle East. [1]
The world's colonial population at the time of the First World War totaled about 560 million people, of whom 70.0% were in British domains, 10.0% in French, 8.6% in Dutch, 3.9% in Japanese, 2.2% in German, 2.1% in American, 1.6% in Portuguese, 1.2% in Belgian, and 0.5% in Italian possessions. The home domains of the colonial powers had a total ...