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The common starling has about 12 subspecies breeding in open habitats across its native range in temperate Europe and across the Palearctic to western Mongolia, and it has been introduced as an invasive species to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Argentina, South Africa and Fiji. [2]
The European starling is both highly widespread and extremely eclectic in its habitat, occupying most types of open habitat. Like many other starling species, it has also adapted readily to human-modified habitat, including farmland, orchards, plantations, and urban areas. [3]
The genus name Sturnus is Latin for "starling". This genus has representatives across most of Eurasia and one species, the common or European starling, has been introduced to North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The more northerly breeding species are completely or partially migratory, wintering in warmer regions.
The successful spread of starlings has come at the expense of many native birds that compete with the starling for nest holes in trees. [18] The starlings have also had negative impact on the US economy and ecosystem. [19] European starlings are now considered an invasive species in the United States. [20]
Purple martins suffered a severe population crash in the 20th century widely linked to the release and spread of European starlings in North America. European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins for nest cavities. Where purple martins once gathered in the thousands, by the 1980s they had all but disappeared.
The European Environmental Agency (EEA) divides Europe into a total of eleven terrestrial biogeographical regions and seven regional seas. [1] The agency has issued the Digital Map of European Ecological Regions (DMEER), and operates with a total of 70 ecoregions, of which 58 are within the European continent.
The superb starling (Lamprotornis superbus) is a member of the starling family of birds. It was formerly known as Spreo superbus . [ 2 ] They are long-lived birds that can live over 15 years in captivity.
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