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Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae , including henbane , mandrake , angel's trumpets , jimsonweed , the sorcerers' tree , and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).
Hyoscyamus — known as the henbanes — is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It comprises 31 species, [2] all of which are toxic. It, along with other genera in the same family, is a source of the drug hyoscyamine (daturine). Cruciferous type of stomata are present in Hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant. [2] The standard alkaloid content has been reported to be 0.03% to 0.28%. [ 14 ]
The wild plants are used in traditional local medicine. It is sometimes cultivated in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan and India for its medicinal alkaloids, which may be exported to countries such as Germany. [1] Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer (1852–1903) successfully cultivated Hyoscyamus muticus to obtain the alkaloid hyoscyamine. [2]
All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, all of which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the plant for its ...
The toxic berry of Atropa belladonna which contains the tropane deliriants scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine.. Deliriants are a subclass of hallucinogen.The term was coined in the early 1980s to distinguish these drugs from psychedelics such as LSD and dissociatives such as ketamine, due to their primary effect of causing delirium, as opposed to the more lucid (i.e. rational thought is ...
Anticholinergic drugs [8] and deliriants: [9]. Atropine, racemic hyoscyamine, from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna); Hyoscyamine, the levo-isomer of atropine, from henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) and the sorcerers' tree (Latua pubiflora).
Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia. [1] [2] The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.