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Bell Labs' horn antenna, April 2007. The horn antenna at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, was constructed on Crawford Hill in 1959 to support Project Echo, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's passive communications satellites, [8] [5] which used large aluminized plastic balloons (satellite balloon) as reflectors to bounce radio signals from one point on the ...
Bell Labs [b] is an American industrial research and development (R&D) company, currently operating as a subsidiary of Finnish technology company Nokia.With a long history, Bell Labs is credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages ...
The Bell Labs Holmdel Complex, in Holmdel Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, functioned for 44 years as a research and development facility, initially for the Bell System and later Bell Labs. [3] The centerpiece of the campus is an Eero Saarinen–designed structure that served as the home to over 6,000 engineers and ...
The large horn antenna at Holmdel constructed by Bell Labs for the Echo project was later used by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson for their Nobel Prize-winning discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. [18] On 15 December 1960, the U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp depicting Echo 1.
The main Bell Telephone Laboratories building on Crawford Hill, opened in 1962. Bell Telephone Laboratories first acquired property in Holmdel Township in 1929. [15] Work on radio astronomy, such as that conducted by Karl Jansky, had been undertaken nearby in the early 1930s at the main site of what would later become the Bell Labs Holmdel Complex, as would many other developments in ...
L-carrier also carried the first television network connections, though the later microwave radio relay system soon became more important for this purpose. Type L-3 was used for a short time for coast-to-coast network television feeds, but the advent of NTSC color was the cause for the move to Type TD microwave radio.
TD-2 was a microwave relay system developed by Bell Labs and used by AT&T to build a cross-country network of repeaters for telephone and television transmission. The same system was also used to build the Canadian Trans-Canada Skyway system by Bell Canada , and later, many other companies in many countries to build similar networks for both ...
Safeguard was the ultimate development of an ever-changing series of designs produced by Bell Labs that started in the 1950s with the LIM-49 Nike Zeus. [1] [2] By 1960 it was clear that Zeus offered almost no protection against a sophisticated attack using decoys.