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2. Lightness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightness

   Lightness is a visual perception of the luminance of an object. It is often judged relative to a similarly lit object. In colorimetry and color appearance models, lightness is a prediction of how an illuminated color will appear to a standard observer. While luminance is a linear measurement of light, lightness is a linear prediction of the ...

3. Flashlight - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight

   A set of modern LED flashlights. A flashlight or electric torch (Commonwealth English), usually shortened to torch, is a portable hand-held electric lamp.Formerly, the light source typically was a miniature incandescent light bulb, but these have been displaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) since the early 2000s.

4. Luminance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance

   The luminance of a specified point of a light source, in a specified direction, is defined by the mixed partial derivative = ⁡ where L v is the luminance ( cd / m 2 ); d 2 Φ v is the luminous flux ( lm ) leaving the area dΣ in any direction contained inside the solid angle dΩ Σ ;

5. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

   A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. ... so they are used in handheld devices such as flashlights.

6. Spectral power distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution

   Mathematically, for the spectral power distribution of a radiant exitance or irradiance one may write: =where M(λ) is the spectral irradiance (or exitance) of the light (SI units: W/m 2 = kg·m −1 ·s −3); Φ is the radiant flux of the source (SI unit: watt, W); A is the area over which the radiant flux is integrated (SI unit: square meter, m 2); and λ is the wavelength (SI unit: meter, m).

7. LED lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp

   A 230-volt LED filament lamp, with an E27 base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines. An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally ...