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Word problem from the Līlāvatī (12th century), with its English translation and solution. In science education, a word problem is a mathematical exercise (such as in a textbook, worksheet, or exam) where significant background information on the problem is presented in ordinary language rather than in mathematical notation.
In group theory, a word is any written product of group elements and their inverses. For example, if x , y and z are elements of a group G , then xy , z −1 xzz and y −1 zxx −1 yz −1 are words in the set { x , y , z }.
The word problem for an algebra is then to determine, given two expressions (words) involving the generators and operations, whether they represent the same element of the algebra modulo the identities. The word problems for groups and semigroups can be phrased as word problems for algebras. [1]
The word problem was one of the first examples of an unsolvable problem to be found not in mathematical logic or the theory of algorithms, but in one of the central branches of classical mathematics, algebra. As a result of its unsolvability, several other problems in combinatorial group theory have been shown to be unsolvable as well.
The ! permutations of the numbers from 1 to may be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the ! numbers from 0 to ! by pairing each permutation with the sequence of numbers that count the number of positions in the permutation that are to the right of value and that contain a value less than (that is, the number of inversions for which is the ...
Word problem (mathematics education), a type of textbook exercise or exam question to have students apply abstract mathematical concepts to real-world situations; Word problem (mathematics), a decision problem for algebraic identities in mathematics and computer science; Word problem for groups, the problem of recognizing the identity element ...
In case there are several permutations with this property, let σ denote one with the highest number of integers from {, …,} satisfying = (). We will now prove by contradiction , that σ {\displaystyle \sigma } has to keep the order of y 1 , … , y n {\displaystyle y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}} (then we are done with the upper bound in ( 1 ), because ...