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National governments deal in both intelligence and military special operations functions that either should be completely secret (i.e., clandestine: the existence of which is not known outside the relevant government circles), or simply cannot be linked to the sponsor (i.e., covert: it is known that sabotage is taking place, but its sponsor is unknown).
He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers. [7] A 2024 study found that state denials of covert actions, even when the covert actions were obvious, could have a de-escalatory effect (compared to making the covert action public). [8]
External and offensive counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and some direct action is the general responsibility of Mossad, although military units will carry out specific counterterrorism actions. There are some standing military special operations forces, such as Sayeret Matkal , but ad hoc task forces were assembled for major operations ...
The terms clandestine and covert are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the United States and NATO since World War II ) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed.
The CIA operation came in response to years of aggressive covert efforts by China aimed at increasing its global influence, the sources said. During his presidency, Trump pushed a tougher response ...
Representative clandestine operations run from diplomatic cover. In espionage, an official cover operative is one who assumes a position in an organization with diplomatic ties to the government for which the operative works such as an embassy or consulate.
Clandestine and covert operations share many attributes, but also have distinct differences. They may share, for example, a technical capability for cover and forgery, and require secret logistical support. The essence of covert action is that its sponsor cannot be proven. One term of art is that the sponsor has "plausible deniability."
Espionage clandestine reporting, access agents, couriers, cutouts; Military attachés; Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Prisoners of war (POWs) or detainees; Refugees; Routine patrolling (military police, patrols, etc.) Traveler debriefing [broken anchor] (e.g. CIA Domestic Contact Service)