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Complaints of non-restorative sleep without troubles of initiating or maintaining sleep are excluded. These difficulties are not primarily caused by a circadian rhythm disorder. In the case of a circadian rhythm disorder treatments such as phototherapy or chronobiologic interventions might be more suitable. However many primary insomnia ...
Complex or multicomponent interventions use multiple strategies, [5] and they often involve the participation of several types of care providers. [6] Non-pharmacological interventions can call on various fields of expertise, such as surgery, medical devices, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions. [6]
[3] [5] All age groups can be affected from sleep disorders after TBI, including children [1] and adolescents. [6] There are several risk factors that are associated with occurring sleep disorders, such as lower years of education, severity of head injury and occurrence of residuals symptoms, for example headache or dizziness. [1]
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [1] [2] [3] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
People with the disorder who try to live on a normal schedule cannot fall asleep at a "reasonable" hour and have extreme difficulty waking because their biological clocks are not in phase with that schedule. Non-DSPD people who do not adjust well to working a night shift have similar symptoms (diagnosed as shift-work sleep disorder).
Case studies have shown that pharmacological interventions can improve symptoms of parasomnia, however mostly they are accompanied by side-effects. [ 22 ] [ 44 ] Behavioral treatments, i.e., relaxation therapy, biofeedback, hypnosis, and stress reduction, may also be helpful, but are not considered as universally effective.
In 2017, more than 970 million or 1-in-7 individuals were purported to have one or more mental or substance use disorder(s). [19] Anxiety and depressive disorders were, by far, the most attributed. [20] Moreover, around 5%, and up to 12%, of global disease burden was attributable to mental or substance use disorders.
Reviews by psychologists have found hypnosis to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for a range of conditions, such as chronic and acute pain, irritable bowel syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias and eating disorder. [4] ”It is regarded as a type of alternative medicine. [5]