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Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C 4 H 9 O H, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; [1] all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, sec-BuOH, i-BuOH, and t-BuOH).
1-Butanol, also known as butan-1-ol or n-butanol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C 4 H 9 OH and a linear structure. Isomers of 1-butanol are isobutanol , butan-2-ol and tert -butanol .
Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; ... tert-Butanol: 82.5 [14] Chlorobenzene: 131.7 [15] p ...
1-Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. The boiling point of the alcohol ethanol is 78.29 °C, compared to 69 °C for the hydrocarbon hexane, and 34.6 °C for diethyl ether.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
tert-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH 3) 3 COH (sometimes represented as t-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. tert-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.
Like other butanols, butan-2-ol has low acute toxicity. The LD 50 is 4400 mg/kg (rat, oral). [6]Several explosions have been reported [7] [8] [9] during the conventional distillation of 2-butanol, apparently due to the buildup of peroxides with the boiling point higher than that of pure alcohol (and therefore concentrating in the still pot during distillation).
Its structure was initially unclear, with some chemists believing it corresponds to butyric acid, but theoretical considerations indicated that normal butanol should have a higher boiling point, and in 1867 Emil Erlenmeyer and independently Vladimir Markovnikov determined its actual structure by proving its oxidation product to be isobutyric acid.