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It is necessary either to supply an activation energy or to lower the intrinsic activation energy of the system, in order to make most biochemical reactions proceed at a useful rate. Living systems use complex macromolecular structures to lower the activation energies of biochemical reactions.
The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao: [6]. Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf, 47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one)
The electron in the higher energy level is unstable and will quickly return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the absorbed energy. This can happen in various ways. The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat, or re-emitted by the electron as light (fluorescence).
The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP + to NADPH or are used in non-cyclic electron flow. [1] DCMU is a chemical often used in laboratory settings to inhibit photosynthesis. When present, DCMU inhibits electron flow from photosystem II to plastoquinone.
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are reduced ferredoxin, NADP +, and H +, whereas its two products are oxidized ferredoxin and NADPH. It has a flavin cofactor, FAD. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, that use iron-sulfur proteins as electron donors and NAD + or NADP + as electron acceptors. This enzyme participates in ...
P680 + is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known, with an estimated redox potential of ~1.3 V. [3] This makes it possible to oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680 + recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex , which regenerates P680.
Enzymes can accelerate reactions in several ways, all of which lower the activation energy (ΔG ‡, Gibbs free energy) [46] By stabilizing the transition state: Creating an environment with a charge distribution complementary to that of the transition state to lower its energy [47] By providing an alternative reaction pathway:
Under kinetic conditions, such as an enzymatic reaction with RuBisCO, the lighter isotope is favored because of a lower activation energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway facilitated by autotrophs, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. This pathway converts inorganic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or aquatic environment ...
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