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The blackboard model defines three main components: blackboard—a structured global memory containing objects from the solution space; knowledge sources—specialized modules with their own representation; control component—selects, configures and executes modules. [2]
A tuple space is an implementation of the associative memory paradigm for parallel/distributed computing. It provides a repository of tuples that can be accessed concurrently. As an illustrative example, consider that there are a group of processors that produce pieces of data and a group of processors that use the data.
Multiprocessor system with a shared memory closely connected to the processors. A symmetric multiprocessing system is a system with centralized shared memory called main memory (MM) operating under a single operating system with two or more homogeneous processors. There are two types of systems: Uniform memory-access (UMA) system; NUMA system
TPL is a conservative extension of CCS, with the addition of a special action called σ representing the passage of time by a process - the ticking of an abstract clock. As in CCS, TPL features action prefix and it can be described as being patient, that is to say a process . will idly accept the ticking of the clock, written as
Memory architecture also explains how binary digits are converted into electric signals and then stored in the memory cells. And also the structure of a memory cell. For example, dynamic memory is commonly used for primary data storage due to its fast access speed.
Flow-based programming defines applications using the metaphor of a "data factory". It views an application not as a single, sequential process, which starts at a point in time, and then does one thing at a time until it is finished, but as a network of asynchronous processes communicating by means of streams of structured data chunks, called "information packets" (IPs).
In addition, in most architectures the page table holds an "access" bit and a "dirty" bit for each page in the page table. The CPU sets the access bit when the process reads or writes memory in that page. The CPU sets the dirty bit when the process writes memory in that page. The operating system can modify the access and dirty bits.
In order to hide this memory latency from the processor, data caching is used. [9] Whenever the data is required by the processor, it is fetched from the main memory and stored in the smaller memory structure called a cache. If there is any further need of that data, the cache is searched first before going to the main memory. [10]