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This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .
Astronomy portal. v. t. e. The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy. the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM. ordinary matter. It is referred to as the standard model of ...
In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model[1] is a particular Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974. In this model, the Standard Model gauge groups SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1) are combined into a single simple gauge group SU (5). The unified group SU (5) is then thought to be spontaneously broken ...
The shortened name SO (10) is conventional [1] among physicists, and derives from the Lie algebra or less precisely the Lie group of SO (10), which is a special orthogonal group that is double covered by Spin (10). SO (10) subsumes the Georgi–Glashow and Pati–Salam models, and unifies all fermions in a generation into a single field.
The local SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the Standard Model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions. The fields fall into different representations of the various symmetry groups of the Standard Model (see table). Upon writing the most ...
The Wyckoff positions are named after Ralph Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field.His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, [3] contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements.
Free electron model. In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed in 1927, [1] principally by Arnold Sommerfeld, who combined the classical Drude model with quantum mechanical Fermi–Dirac statistics and hence it is also known as the ...
An ideal Fermi gas or free Fermi gas is a physical model assuming a collection of non-interacting fermions in a constant potential well. Fermions are elementary or composite particles with half-integer spin, thus follow Fermi–Dirac statistics. The equivalent model for integer spin particles is called the Bose gas (an ensemble of non ...