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Bell polynomials. In combinatorial mathematics, the Bell polynomials, named in honor of Eric Temple Bell, are used in the study of set partitions. They are related to Stirling and Bell numbers. They also occur in many applications, such as in Faà di Bruno's formula.
Each coefficient is a polynomial in the cumulants; these are the Bell polynomials, named after Eric Temple Bell. [citation needed] This sequence of polynomials is of binomial type. In fact, no other sequences of binomial type exist; every polynomial sequence of binomial type is completely determined by its sequence of formal cumulants.
The Touchard polynomials, studied by Jacques Touchard (1939), also called the exponential polynomials or Bell polynomials, comprise a polynomial sequence of binomial type defined by. where is a Stirling number of the second kind, i.e., the number of partitions of a set of size n into k disjoint non-empty subsets. [1][2][3][4]
Fermat–Catalan conjecture. In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many ...
Furthermore, if the polynomial has a degree 2d greater than two, there are significantly many more non-negative polynomials that cannot be expressed as sums of squares. [4] The following table summarizes in which cases every non-negative homogeneous polynomial (or a polynomial of even degree) can be represented as a sum of squares:
Multilinear polynomial. In algebra, a multilinear polynomial[1] is a multivariate polynomial that is linear (meaning affine) in each of its variables separately, but not necessarily simultaneously. It is a polynomial in which no variable occurs to a power of 2 or higher; that is, each monomial is a constant times a product of distinct variables.
Stirling numbers of the first kind are the coefficients in the expansion of the falling factorial. into powers of the variable : For example, , leading to the values , , and . Subsequently, it was discovered that the absolute values of these numbers are equal to the number of permutations of certain kinds. These absolute values, which are known ...
In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time if these events occur with a known constant mean rate and independently of the time since the last event. [1]