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  2. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases ...

  3. Pythagorean theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

    The proofs are diverse, including both geometric proofs and algebraic proofs, with some dating back thousands of years. When Euclidean space is represented by a Cartesian coordinate system in analytic geometry , Euclidean distance satisfies the Pythagorean relation: the squared distance between two points equals the sum of squares of the ...

  4. Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiles's_proof_of_Fermat's...

    Sir Andrew John Wiles. Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is a proof by British mathematician Sir Andrew Wiles of a special case of the modularity theorem for elliptic curves. Together with Ribet's theorem, it provides a proof for Fermat's Last Theorem. Both Fermat's Last Theorem and the modularity theorem were believed to be impossible to ...

  5. List of mathematical proofs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_proofs

    Fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Gauss–Markov theorem (brief pointer to proof) Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. Goodstein's theorem. Green's theorem (to do) Green's theorem when D is a simple region. Heine–Borel theorem.

  6. Poincaré conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_conjecture

    e. In the mathematical field of geometric topology, the Poincaré conjecture (UK: / ˈpwæ̃kæreɪ /, [2] US: / ˌpwæ̃kɑːˈreɪ /, [3][4] French: [pwɛ̃kaʁe]) is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space. Originally conjectured by Henri Poincaré in ...

  7. Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_Last_Theorem

    Fermat–Catalan conjecture. In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many ...

  8. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    Identity 1: The following two results follow from this and the ratio identities. To obtain the first, divide both sides of by ; for the second, divide by . Similarly. Identity 2: The following accounts for all three reciprocal functions. Proof 2: Refer to the triangle diagram above. Note that by Pythagorean theorem.

  9. Proof without words - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_without_words

    Proof without words of the Nicomachus theorem (Gulley (2010)) that the sum of the first n cubes is the square of the n th triangular number. In mathematics, a proof without words (or visual proof) is an illustration of an identity or mathematical statement which can be demonstrated as self-evident by a diagram without any accompanying explanatory text.

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