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In modern public-finance literature, a whole economy of the tax system has developed (tax system economics), which can be defined as "the overall management of public revenue of a state or integration grouping's public revenues and expenditures in order to shape smart economic policies that stimulates economic growth and development and ...
In economics, a negative income tax (NIT) is a system which reverses the direction in which tax is paid for incomes below a certain level; in other words, earners above that level pay money to the state while earners below it receive money.
The difference in the growth of real income of the top 1% and the bottom 20% of Americans was 257%. The average increase in real, after-tax income for all U.S. households during this time period was 62% which is slightly below the real, after-tax income growth rate of 65% experienced by the top 20% of wage earners, not accounting for the top 1%.
Tax return laws generally prohibit disclosure of any information gathered on a state tax return. [10] Likewise, the federal government may not (with certain exceptions) disclose tax return information without the filer's permission, [11] and each federal agency is also limited in how it can share such information with other federal agencies. [10]
An economic definition, by Atkinson, states that "...direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer, whereas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of buyer or seller." [31] According to this definition, for example, income tax is "direct", and sales tax is "indirect".
Economic equity is the construct, concept or idea of fairness in economics and justice in the distribution of wealth, resources, and taxation within a society. Equity is closely tied to taxation policies, welfare economics , and the discussions of public finance, influencing how resources are allocated among different segments of the population.
A tax return usually includes the following components. Income consists of the sources of a citizen's revenue, excluding items which are exempt from tax by law.Wages, salaries, income from retirement plans, dividends, interest and capital gains or losses should be considered as a source of revenue.
Under the doctrine, for a transaction to be respected, the transaction must change the taxpayer's economic position in a "meaningful way" apart from the Federal income tax effects, and the taxpayer must have had a "substantial purpose" for entering into the transaction, apart from the Federal income tax effects. [2] The economic substance ...