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Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups is a mathematical monograph on braid groups and their applications in low-dimensional topology.It was written by Joan Birman, based on lecture notes by James W. Cannon, [1] and published in 1974 by the Princeton University Press and University of Tokyo Press, as volume 82 of the book series Annals of Mathematics Studies.
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The composition of the braids σ and τ is written as στ.. The set of all braids on four strands is denoted by .The above composition of braids is indeed a group operation. . The identity element is the braid consisting of four parallel horizontal strands, and the inverse of a braid consists of that braid which "undoes" whatever the first braid did, which is obtained by flipping a diagram ...
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Challah or hallah (/ ˈ x ɑː l ə, ˈ h ɑː l ə / (K)HAH-lə; [1] Hebrew: חַלָּה, romanized: ḥallā, pronounced [χaˈla, ħalˈlaː]; pl. [c]hallot, [c]halloth or [c]hallos, Hebrew: חַלּוֹת), also known as berches in Central Europe, is a special bread in Jewish cuisine, usually braided and typically eaten on ceremonial occasions such as Shabbat and major Jewish holidays ...
The standard braid is Brunnian: if one removes the black strand, the blue strand is always on top of the red strand, and they are thus not braided around each other; likewise for removing other strands. A Brunnian braid is a braid that becomes trivial upon removal of any one of its strings. Brunnian braids form a subgroup of the braid group.
A dough is made with flour, water, eggs, yeast, oil, sugar, and anise seeds, and a hole is poked through the middle of the dough which is allowed to rest for 15 minutes. It is then shaped into logs, and then braided to form a number of small loaves in a braided oblong oval-shape, or a braided "baguette"-style shape (similar to a narrow challah).
Challah: 4 38 — 49 Orlah: 3 35 — 42 Bikkurim: 4 39 — 26 Seder Moed 12 masechtot 88 681 731 620 Shabbat: 24 139 157 113 Eruvin: 10 96 105 71 Pesachim: 10 89 121 86 Shekalim: 8 52 22 (Talmud Yerushalmi) 61 Yoma: 8 61 88 57 Sukkah: 5 53 56 33 Beitza: 5 42 40 49 Rosh Hashanah: 4 35 35 27 Ta'anit: 4 34 31 31 Megillah: 4 33 32 41 Mo'ed Katan: 3 ...